# NERO Chain Documentation — White Paper

> Curated index of pages in the "White Paper" section. Full markdown at /llms-full.txt.

## White Paper

- [Overview](https://docs.nerochain.io/en/core-concepts.md): Since the introduction of Bitcoin, blockchain technology and the concept of decentralization have progressively gained popularity. Ethereum, with its smart contracts, opened the door to nearly limitle
- [Access Layer: Native Account Abstraction](https://docs.nerochain.io/en/core-concepts/architecture/accessLayer.md): The Access Layer, with native account abstraction, functions as the gateway for users to engage with the blockchain network. This layer facilitates various user activities, including account creation,
- [Layers](https://docs.nerochain.io/en/core-concepts/architecture/architecture.md): Flexibility and scalability are the primary considerations in NERO's architectural design. In terms of flexibility, NERO introduces the Access Layer to handle user interactions with the blockchain, pr
- [Data Availability Layer: Storage Scalability](https://docs.nerochain.io/en/core-concepts/architecture/dataAvailabilityLayer.md): In order to conserve valuable storage capacity within the settlement layer, NERO designed the data availability layer to offer dependable on-chain storage for Rollup. This eliminates the reliance on e
- [Settlement layer: High-performance EVM-compatible Chain](https://docs.nerochain.io/en/core-concepts/architecture/settlementLayer.md): The execution layer is key to NERO’s scalability. NERO is optimized by transferring resource-intensive transaction processing from the on-chain environment to the off-chain, while retaining the on-cha
- [Consensus](https://docs.nerochain.io/en/core-concepts/consensus-mechanism/overview.md): Consensus is the core component of a blockchain, and NERO employs a hybrid randomized DPoSA (Delegated Proof of Staked Authority) protocol. This consensus protocol, grounded in DPoSA consensus, integr
- [Pipelined Consensus](https://docs.nerochain.io/en/core-concepts/consensus-mechanism/pipelinedConsensus.md): In traditional blockchain systems such as Ethereum, the block generation process consists of several steps:
- [Random Number Generation](https://docs.nerochain.io/en/core-concepts/consensus-mechanism/randomNumberGeneration.md): > ⚠️ **Note:** This feature is planned but not currently implemented. Validator selection is currently deterministic.
- [Fraud-Proof](https://docs.nerochain.io/en/core-concepts/data-availability/dataAvailabilityVerification/fraudProof.md): The random sampling method mentioned above ensures that there are sufficient fragments within the network to recover the corresponding blocks, thus ensuring data availability. However, it does not gua
- [Data availability verification](https://docs.nerochain.io/en/core-concepts/data-availability/dataAvailabilityVerification/overview.md): In terms of verification, we define the following roles of DA nodes in the DA layer of NERO: * **Common DA nodes.** Common DA nodes store the whole block of their sharding DA chain like full nodes and
- [Random Sampling](https://docs.nerochain.io/en/core-concepts/data-availability/dataAvailabilityVerification/randomSampling.md): The DA block contains a header and body. The header is relatively small and can be downloaded and checked directly, whereas the body is much bigger, which is the one needed to be sampled randomly to v
- [Model and Assumptions](https://docs.nerochain.io/en/core-concepts/data-availability/modelAndAssumptions.md): * **Topology:** Nodes are interconnected via a P2P network. * **Maximum network delay:** The network's maximum delay is denoted as $D$. If an honest node receives specific data in the network at time 
- [Data availability](https://docs.nerochain.io/en/core-concepts/data-availability/overview.md): Data availability is also the key component of NERO, which is quite critical for rollups. In NERO, we designed a new type of chain and transaction, especially for data availability as an independent l
- [Transaction Fees and Incentives](https://docs.nerochain.io/en/core-concepts/data-availability/transactionFeesAndIncentives.md): Figure 6: Data availability layer transaction format
- [Fee-sharing Mechanism in Ecosystem](https://docs.nerochain.io/en/core-concepts/fee-sharing/Overview.md): > ⚠️ **Note:** The automatic fee-sharing mechanism described here is a future feature and is not yet active in the current mainnet/testnet. Currently, there is a Fee sharing mechanism as a off-chain a
- [Flexible Gas Mechanism](https://docs.nerochain.io/en/core-concepts/native-account-abstraction/flexibleGasMechanism.md): NERO developed a module called Paymaster, which is responsible for managing the payment of transaction fees associated with user operations on the blockchain. As part of the account abstraction model,
- [Key Components](https://docs.nerochain.io/en/core-concepts/native-account-abstraction/keyComponents.md): Account abstraction redefines the way user accounts are managed and interacted with on the blockchain. By abstracting account management into smart contracts, account abstraction enables greater flexi
- [MPC-TSS Technology Integration](https://docs.nerochain.io/en/core-concepts/native-account-abstraction/MpcTssTechnologyIntegration.md): NERO employs a cutting-edge technology known as MPC-TSS(Multi-Party Computation with Threshold Secret Sharing) to enhance the security and control of EOAs(Externally Owned Accounts). MPC-TSS represent
- [Native Account Abstraction Support](https://docs.nerochain.io/en/core-concepts/native-account-abstraction/nativeAccountAbstractionSupport.md): Account abstraction is a concept within blockchain technology that aims to provide flexible management of user accounts based on smart contracts. Traditionally, in blockchain networks, user accounts a
- [References](https://docs.nerochain.io/en/core-concepts/references.md): 1. M. Al-Bassam, A. Sonnino, and V. Buterin, "Fraud proofs: Maximising light client security and scaling blockchains with dishonest majorities," *CoRR*, vol. abs/1809.09044, 2018.