5.2 Model and Assumptions

Firstly, we establish the network model:

• Topology: Nodes are interconnected via a P2P network.
• Maximum network delay: The network’s maximum delay is denoted as $D$. If an honest node receives specific data in the network at time $T$, then other honest nodes can acquire the same data before time $T + D$.

Subsequently, the security model is outlined as follows:

• Detection of any invalid block is guaranteed, as at least one honest node in the network will uncover and disseminate it.
• Each honest node maintains connections with at least one other honest node.